The United States is strengthening its defence systems as China and Russia expand their military capabilities in space.
The growing threat could disrupt satellite services, communications and military operations worldwide.
A new assessment by the US Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) warns that space is becoming an increasingly important battleground.
The report examines threats from China and Russia, alongside the growing space programmes of Iran and North Korea.
The findings highlight rising concerns over satellite attacks, cyber threats and electronic interference.
They also raise questions about how countries can protect essential services during a conflict.
The third edition of Challenges to Security in Space examines the military plans and capabilities of major US competitors.
Its assessment, current to July 2026, identifies growing threats to American and allied space operations.
According to the report, China and Russia are developing technologies that could disrupt or destroy satellites.
These include cyberattacks, electronic warfare and anti-satellite weapons.
China is expanding its satellite networks and surveillance capabilities. The DIA also projects that China could develop space-based energy weapons capable of threatening satellites in higher orbits by the late 2020s.
Meanwhile, Russia continues to develop electronic warfare and anti-satellite systems. The report also raises concerns about its potential nuclear-armed anti-satellite capabilities.
The war in Ukraine has shown how important commercial satellites have become during military conflicts.
Satellite communications and Earth observation services have helped Ukraine monitor battlefields and coordinate military activities.
However, Russia has attempted to disrupt some commercial satellite services supporting Ukraine.
The development highlights the risks facing private satellite companies when their services support military operations.
The assessment also highlights growing space-related cooperation between China, Russia, Iran and North Korea.
China has supported Russian space capabilities through technology and components, according to the report. Such partnerships could strengthen military operations and expand the countries’ influence.
Cyberattacks and electronic interference also threaten satellite communications and navigation services.
Unlike destructive weapons, these methods can disrupt services without creating dangerous space debris.
The report further warns that growing satellite numbers and debris are making Earth’s orbital environment more difficult to manage.
The findings have important implications for Australia and other countries relying on satellite technology for defence and essential services.
Protecting satellite networks, ground stations and supply chains will become increasingly important.
The assessment also reinforces the need for stronger cybersecurity and reliable communications systems.
